Undulator Magnet
Samarium Cobalt magnet was the best choice in the early undulator to adapt to a strong electromagnetic radiation environment, and high-performance Neodymium magnet substantially improved the peak value and quality of vacuum undulator. Praseodymium magnets now replace Neodymium magnets, which have a spin reorientation transition at low temperatures, as the cryogenic permanent magnet undulator has become the research focus of the international synchrotron radiation area.
As a relativistic electron traveling near the speed of light curves and changes direction while being surrounded by a magnetic field, electromagnetic radiation is emitted along its tangential path. This radiation, first discovered by GM's synchrotron, was named synchrotron radiation. Scientists found that synchrotron light has remarkable qualities, including a broad spectrum, high brightness, and polarization-properties that surpass those of ordinary light sources. These attributes have opened up vast possibilities for both scientific research and practical applications. High-energy electron accelerators commonly incorporate synchrotron radiation stations and experimental equipment, with undulator magnets playing a key role in generating synchrotron radiation.
The undulator is one of the essential components of third-generation free electron lasers and synchrotron light sources. Among various types of permanent magnet undulators, the permanent magnet vacuum undulator is especially prominent. The undulator magnets are considered the "brains" of the vacuum undulator. The peak value, dispersion, and stability of the magnetic field are significantly influenced by the overall magnetic properties of these magnets. Undulator magnets are made from neodymium and samarium cobalt materials. In early undulators, samarium cobalt was the preferred choice due to its ability to withstand strong electromagnetic radiation environments, while high-performance neodymium magnets greatly enhanced the peak value and quality of vacuum undulators. With the advent of cryogenic permanent magnet undulators, praseodymium magnets have replaced neodymium magnets, as they do not undergo spin reorientation transitions at low temperatures, making them the new focus of research in the international synchrotron radiation field.
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